Características clínicas y microbiológicas de infecciones del torrente sanguíneo en pacientes adultos neutropénicos / Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bloodstream infections in adult neutropenic patients

RESUMEN Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo (IS) en pacientes oncológicos neutropénicos constituyen una patología de relevancia y se asocian a un aumento de la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de los episodios de IS en pacientes adultos neutropénicos con neoplasias hematológicas (NH) y neoplasias sólidas (NS). Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en dos hospitales de tercer nivel entre 2009 y 2016. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes neutropénicos mayores de 18años con NH y NS que presentaron episodios de IS. Se excluyeron aquellos con neoplasias dermatológicas no melanoma. Se identificaron 143 episodios de IS, de los cuales el 80,4% fueron en personas con NH. El 97,9% de los pacientes tuvieron neutropenia de alto riesgo, sin diferencia entre los grupos NH y NS. Los orígenes más frecuentes de IS fueron bacteriemia primaria (46,9%) e infección asociada a catéter (21%), sin diferencias significativas entre grupos. El 74,1% de los aislamientos fueron bacilos gram negativos yEscherichiacolifue el microorganismo más frecuente (32,1%). El coco gram positivo más frecuentemente aislado fueStaphylococcusaureus(28,1%), seguido del grupo de los estafilococos coagulasa negativos (ECN), sin diferencias entre ambos tipos de neoplasias. El 67,5% de los ECN fueron multirresistentes; solo el 11,1% de los aislamientos deS. aureusfue resistente a la meticilina. El 17,6% de los aislamientos deE. coliy el 27,6% de los deKlebsiellapneumoniaefueron multirresistentes. No hubo diferencias en la frecuencia de aislamientos multirresistentes al comparar entre ambos tipos de neoplasia. Como conclusión, las IS en pacientes neutropénicos fueron más frecuentes en pacientes con NH y las causaron, principalmente, bacilos gram negativos. Se observó una elevada mortalidad en los pacientes neutropénicos con IS.

ABSTRACT Bloodstream infections (BI) are relevant in neutropenic patients because they are associated with an increased number of complications and death. The objective was determinate the epidemiologic and microbiologic features of the BI in neutropenic patients with solid neoplasm (SN) and hematologic neoplasm (HN). Retrospective study in two third level hospitals between 2009 and 2016. They were included all the patients older than 18 years-old with active oncologic disease and neutropenia, who had BI. Patients with dermatologic cancer other than melanoma where excluded. A total of 143 BI in neutropenic were observed, of which 80.4% occurred in HN. Around 97.9% of the patients had a high-risk neutropenia without differences between both groups. The most frequent site of BI was primary bacteremia (46.9%) and catheter-associated infection (21%), without significant differences between the two groups. The gram negatives bacilli (GNB) predominated over the gram positive cocci (GPC) and they represented 74.1% of the isolated bacteria, beingEscherichia colithe most frequent (32.8%). Among the gram positive cocci,Staphylococcus aureus(28.1%) was the most frequent isolated, followed by coagulase-negativeStaphylococci(CNS). There were no differences in microbiological isolates between both groups. With regard to the antimicrobial susceptibility 67.5% of the CNS, 17.6% of theE. coliand 27.6% of theKlebsiella pneumoniaewere multiresistant with no differences between both groups. Only 11.1% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. In conclusion BI of the neutropenic patients where most frequents within patients with HN, GNB were the main microbiological isolates. High mortality was observed in neutropenic patients with BI.

[Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bloodstream infections in adult neutropenic patients]. / Características clínicas y microbiológicas de infecciones del torrente sanguíneo en pacientes adultos neutropénicos.

Bloodstream infections (BI) are relevant in neutropenic patients because they are associated with an increased number of complications and death. The objective was determinate the epidemiologic and microbiologic features of the BI in neutropenic patients with solid neoplasm (SN) and hematologic neoplasm (HN). Retrospective study in two third level hospitals between 2009 and 2016. They were included all the patients older than 18 years-old with active oncologic disease and neutropenia, who had BI. Patients with dermatologic cancer other than melanoma where excluded. A total of 143 BI in neutropenic were observed, of which 80.4% occurred in HN. Around 97.9% of the patients had a high-risk neutropenia without differences between both groups. The most frequent site of BI was primary bacteremia (46.9%) and catheter-associated infection (21%), without significant differences between the two groups. The gram negatives bacilli (GNB) predominated over the gram positive cocci (GPC) and they represented 74.1% of the isolated bacteria, being Escherichia coli the most frequent (32.8%). Among the gram positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus (28.1%) was the most frequent isolated, followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS). There were no differences in microbiological isolates between both groups. With regard to the antimicrobial susceptibility 67.5% of the CNS, 17.6% of the E. coli and 27.6% of the Klebsiella pneumoniae were multiresistant with no differences between both groups. Only 11.1% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. In conclusion BI of the neutropenic patients where most frequents within patients with HN, GNB were the main microbiological isolates. High mortality was observed in neutropenic patients with BI.

Urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are an important cause of morbidity in the community, constituting one of the main reasons for hospitalization, and the fourth cause of healthcare-associated infection. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of community-acquired UTI (CA-UTI) with need of hospitalization and healthcare-associated UTI (HA-UTI), their risk factors, etiologic agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility spectrum. METHODS: A prospective and analytic study was conducted, in which all admissions regarding CA-UTI with need of hospitalization and HA-UTI were evaluated during the period between 2016 and 2017 in two university hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 279 episodes of UTI in hospitalized patients were identified and, among those, 178 episodes corresponded to CA-UTI and 101 to HA-UTI. On average, patients were 60 years old in both groups. HA-UTI were more frequently associated with kidney transplant, recurrent UTI and chronic kidney disease compared with CA-UTI. The instrumentation of urinary tract within the previous month was more frequent in HA-UTI (75.2% vs 32.6%, p<0.001). Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolated microorganism (62.9% in CA-UTI and 56.4% in HA-UTI), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 101 multidrug resistant microorganisms were isolated, of which 53.5% were CA-UTI, and were associated with male patients, use of antimicrobials within the previous three months, chronic kidney disease and recurrent UTI. CONCLUSION: It is of great importance for the institutions to identify the local antimicrobial susceptibility spectrum of UTI in order to stablish adequate empiric treatments.

[Epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of uncomplicated urinary infections]. / Características epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de las infecciones urinarias no complicadas.

Introduction: Uncomplicated urinary tract infections(UC-UTI) represent a frequent reason for consultation. Most cases are empirically treated, but the antimicrobial susceptibility of the causative microorganisms has changed over the past years. The objectives of this study where to determine UC-UTI causative microorganism and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles in adult women. Methods: A prospective analytic study was conducted in two hospital in Córdoba, Argentina, between November/2016 and October/2017. From the identification of positive urine cultures, urinary tract infections (UTI) in women ≥18 years without risk factors for complicated UTIs were included, excluding asymptomatic bacteriurias. Results: A total of 610 UC-UTI were identified and 62.6% of them in patients younger than 50 years; 73.3% of cases were cystitis, being more frequent in older women. Escherichia coli was isolated in 89.2% of UTI and negative coagulase Staphylococcus in 4.2%. As regards Escherichia coli, its resistance against ciprofloxacin was 18.8%; 4.4% against ceftriaxone and 1.8% against nitrofurantoin. There was an elevated resistance against ampicillin, trimethoprim­sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin­sulbactam. Main conclusion: The most frequent isolated microorganism was Escherichia coli, consistent with global epidemiology. This microorganism showed less than 20% total resistance against ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and nitrofurantoin.

Introducción: Las infecciones del tracto urinario no complicadas (ITU-NoC) representan un motivo frecuente de consulta ambulatorio, siendo la mayoría tratadas empíricamente. Han existido cambios en susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en los últimos años. Nuestros objetivos fueron determinar los microorganismos de las ITU-NoC y su perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en mujeres adultas. Métodos: Estudio analítico prospectivo en dos hospitales de Córdoba, Argentina, entre noviembre/2016 y octubre/2017. A partir de la identificación de urocultivos positivos, se incluyeron las infecciones urinarias(ITUs) en mujeres ≥18 años, sin factores de riesgo para ITUs complicada, excluyéndose las bacteriurias asintomáticas. Resultados: Se identificaron 610 episodios de ITU-NoC, 382(63%) en <50 años. El 73.3% de las ITU-noC correspondieron a cistitis, siendo más frecuentes en las mujeres mayores 50 años.  En el 89.2% de las ITUs se aisló Escherichia coli y 4.2% Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo. Respecto a E. coli, su resistencia a ciprofloxacina fue de 18.8%, ceftriaxona 4.4% y nitrofurantoína 1.8%. Se observó una resistencia elevada a ampicilina, trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol y ampicilina-sulbactam. Conclusiones: En conclusión, el microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue E. coli, concordando con la epidemiología global, presentando una resistencia menor al 20% a ciprofloxacina, ceftriaxona y nitrofurantoína.

[Bloodstream infections in cancer patients]. / Infecciones del torrente sanguíneo en pacientes oncológicos.

Bloodstream infections (BI) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. A retrospective study was performed in two hospitals aimed to evaluate characteristics of BI episodes occurred in adult patients with hematologic (HN) and solid (SN) neoplasia other than non-melanoma skin cancers in the period 2009-2016. A total of 467 episodes of bacteremia and 16 of fungemia were identified. A total of 200 (41.4%) bacteremias occurred in patients with HN and 283 (58.6%) in patients with SN. The most frequent SN and HN were colon cancer (18.7%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (27%), respectively. The main risk factors for BI were a previous surgical procedure in SN and chemotherapy in the previous 30 days and use of central venous catheter in HN. Infections were mainly acquired in the hospital environment and the most frequent presentation was bacteremia without focus, mostly in HN (38% vs. 20.8%, p < 0.001). Gram negative bacilli (GNB) were isolated in 336 (69.5%) episodes and predominated over Gram positive cocci (GPC) in both groups. Escherichia coli was the most frequent GNB isolated in both SN (24.7%) and HN patients (20.5%). The most frequent GPC was Staphylococcus aureus. Multidrug-resistance was found in 15% of the isolates in SN and 18% in HN. The overall mortality was 40.5% in patients with HN and 37.5% in patients with SN, with the majority of deaths occurring in the first 30 days.

Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo (ITS) son una importante causa de morbimortalidad en pacientes oncológicos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar las características de las ITS en pacientes con neoplasia hematológica (NH) y sólida (NS) en un estudio retrospectivo realizado en dos hospitales, entre 2009 y 2016. Fueron incluidos todos los episodios de ITS en adultos con neoplasias activas, excepto cáncer de piel no melanoma. Fueron identificados 467 episodios de bacteriemia y 16 de fungemia. Un total de 200 (41.4%) bacteriemias ocurrieron en pacientes con NH y 283 (58.6%) en pacientes con NS. Las NS y NH más frecuentes fueron cáncer de colon (18.7%) y linfoma no Hodgkin (27%), respectivamente. Los principales factores de riesgo de ITS fueron el antecedente de procedimiento quirúrgico para NS y quimioterapia en los 30 días previos y uso de catéter venoso central para NH. Las infecciones fueron adquiridas principalmente en el medio intrahospitalario y la presentación más frecuente fue la bacteriemia sin foco, fundamentalmente en NH (38.0% vs. 20.8%, p < 0.001). En un total de 336 (69.5%) aislamientos predominaron bacilos Gram negativos (BGN) sobre cocos Gram positivos (CGP) sin diferencias entre grupos. Escherichia coli fue el BGN más frecuente en NS (24.7%) y NH (20.5%). El CGP más frecuente fue Staphylococcus aureus. El 15% y el 18% de los aislamientos fue multirresistente en NS y NH, respectivamente. La mortalidad global fue 40.5% en pacientes con NH y 37.5% en pacientes con NS. La mayoría de las muertes ocurrió en los primeros 30 días.

Bloodstream infections in cancer patients / Artículo original

Resumen Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo (ITS) son una importante causa de morbimortalidad en pacientes oncológicos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar las características de las ITS en pacientes con neoplasia hematológica (NH) y sólida (NS) en un estudio retrospectivo realizado en dos hospitales, entre 2009 y 2016. Fueron incluidos todos los episodios de ITS en adultos con neoplasias activas, excepto cáncer de piel no melanoma. Fueron identificados 467 episodios de bacteriemia y 16 de fungemia. Un total de 200 (41.4%) bacteriemias ocurrieron en pacientes con NH y 283 (58.6%) en pacientes con NS. Las NS y NH más frecuentes fueron cáncer de colon (18.7%) y linfoma no Hodgkin (27%), respectivamente. Los principales factores de riesgo de ITS fueron el antecedente de procedimiento quirúrgico para NS y quimioterapia en los 30 días previos y uso de catéter venoso central para NH. Las infecciones fueron adquiridas principalmente en el medio intrahospitalario y la presentación más frecuente fue la bacteriemia sin foco, fundamentalmente en NH (38.0% vs. 20.8%, p < 0.001). En un total de 336 (69.5%) aislamientos predominaron bacilos Gram negativos (BGN) sobre cocos Gram positivos (CGP) sin diferencias entre grupos. Escherichia coli fue el BGN más frecuente en NS (24.7%) y NH (20.5%). El CGP más frecuente fue Staphylococcus aureus. El 15% y el 18% de los aislamientos fue multirresistente en NS y NH, respectivamente. La mortalidad global fue 40.5% en pacientes con NH y 37.5% en pacientes con NS. La mayoría de las muertes ocurrió en los primeros 30 días.

Abstract Bloodstream infections (BI) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. A retrospective study was performed in two hospitals aimed to evaluate characteristics of BI episodes occurred in adult patients with hematologic (HN) and solid (SN) neoplasia other than non-melanoma skin cancers in the period 2009-2016. A total of 467 episodes of bacteremia and 16 of fungemia were identified. A total of 200 (41.4%) bacteremias occurred in patients with HN and 283 (58.6%) in patients with SN. The most frequent SN and HN were colon cancer (18.7%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (27%), respectively. The main risk factors for BI were a previous surgical procedure in SN and chemotherapy in the previous 30 days and use of central venous catheter in HN. Infections were mainly acquired in the hospital environment and the most frequent presentation was bacteremia without focus, mostly in HN (38% vs. 20.8%, p < 0.001). Gram negative bacilli (GNB) were isolated in 336 (69.5%) episodes and predominated over Gram positive cocci (GPC) in both groups. Escherichia coli was the most frequent GNB isolated in both SN (24.7%) and HN patients (20.5%). The most frequent GPC was Staphylococcus aureus. Multidrug-resistance was found in 15% of the isolates in SN and 18% in HN. The overall mortality was 40.5% in patients with HN and 37.5% in patients with SN, with the majority of deaths occurring in the first 30 days.

[Streptococcus agalactiae in non-pregnant adults. Analysis of 10 years in a University Hospital.] / Streptococcus agalactiae en adultos no gestantes. Análisis de 10 años en un Hospital Universitario.

Introduction: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is a recognized pathogen associated with infections in newborns and small infants, pregnant women, and puerperal women. In recent years there has been an increase in infections by this agent in non-pregnant adult patients, being more frequent in people over 65 years of age and with some comorbidity. Methods: retrospective and observational study of samples from non-pregnant adult patients analyzed in the Bacteriology Laboratory of the Hospital Nacional de Clínicas of the city of Córdoba, from January 2008 to December 2017. Age and sex of the patients, comorbidities, and type of sample were analyzed shows. Results: The total of positive samples was 187, 91 (49%) corresponded to women and 96 (51%) to men. The average age was 67 years. Of the samples, urine was the prevalent one with 90 isolates (48.1%), followed by blood with 39 (20.8%) and skin and soft tissues with 38 (20.3%). Of the 187 adults, 177 (95%) had at least one comorbidity, the most frequent being diabetes, followed by neoplasms. Only 10 (5%) did not present comorbidities. Conclusions: The findings in our work, as well as those published by various authors, show the need to consider Streptococcus agalactiae not only a pathogen of neonates and pregnant women, but also of elderly patients with different comorbidities, especially those who suffer from DBT or neoplasia.

Introducción: Streptococcus agalactiae (SGB) es un reconocido patógeno asociado a infecciones en recién nacidos y lactantes pequeños, en mujeres gestantes y en puérperas. En los últimos años se ha observado un incremento de infecciones por este agente en pacientes adultos no gestantes, siendo más frecuentes en mayores de 65 años y con alguna comorbilidad. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo y observacional de muestras de pacientes adultos no gestantes analizadas en el laboratorio de Bacteriología del Hospital Nacional de Clínicas de la ciudad de Córdoba, desde enero de 2008 a diciembre de 2017. Se analizó edad y sexo de los pacientes, comorbilidades y tipo de muestra. Resultados: El total de muestras positivas fue de 187, 91 (49%) correspondieron a mujeres y 96 (51%) a varones. La edad media fue de 67 años. De las muestras, orina fue la prevalente con 90 aislamientos (48.1%), seguidas de sangre con 39 (20.8%) y piel y partes blandas con 38 (20.3%). De los 187 adultos, 177 (95%) presentaron al menos una comorbilidad, siendo la más frecuente diabetes, seguida de neoplasias. Sólo 10 (5%) no presentaron comorbilidades. Conclusión: Los hallazgos en nuestro trabajo, como así también los publicados por diversos autores, ponen en evidencia la necesidad de considerar a Streptococcus agalactiae no sólo un patógeno de neonatos y embarazadas, sino también de pacientes adultos mayores y con diferentes comorbilidades, en especial aquellos que padecen DBT o neoplasias.Palabras claves: Streptococcus agalactiae; infecciones estreptocócicas; inmunosupresión; bacteriemia; comorbilidad.